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Some Humble Yet Noteworthy Events
On Scarboro Heights

Your contributions to this list of Humble-Worthy Events would be appreciated. Please email complete details to the address at the top of the page.  Our principle interest is in ordinary people -- their relationships with nature, with each other and with socio-economic and political institutions.  Please understand that the McCowan Society may choose to publish your contribution in another project!

Read more about many of these events in Neigh the Front -- Exploring Scarboro Heights (142 pages, 20 photographs, 3 maps).

As a service to those who purchase one of the McCowan Society publications (other than Curling), the Society will reveal 5 sources for passages of interest that appear on this web site.

Don't miss our Walking Tour!

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Year (App) Event
23,000 BC The post-glacial Lake Iroquois forms. The ancient shoreline of Lake Iroquois is marked by the steep hill just north of the present beach (eg at Midland Ave south of Kingston Road). The only portion of Scarborough that does not include this hill is in the McCowan Road / Brimley Road area. Thus, in the nineteenth century, this promonotory into the ancient Lake Iroquois and the highest point on the Scarborough Bluffs became known as "Scarborough Heights".
8,000 BC Early archaic camp near Fenwood Heights. This is very possibly the earliest presently-known site of human occupation in Toronto. (PBS)
1793 Sons of Charles Annis begin squatting near the site of the present Washington Church on lot 16. (AA 28, 45; PS; SHR 1/4/5)
1799 Sarah Ashbridge and her son, Jonathan, patent 300 acres of lots 26 and 27 beside the bluffs and begin required improvements shortly afterward (RB 290)
1800-1 Kingston Road first blazed by William Cornell, Levi Annis and others along the front of the Township. A good portion of the original "Front Road", as it was initially called, was in the lower area or "flats" below the hill which marks the old Lake Iroquois shoreline. Danforth Road was sometimes referred to as the "Back Road". (RB 45, 265; DB 114)
1802 William Cornell plants Scarborough's first orchard on Lot 18 Con. C near the edge of the bluffs.  The 130 acre farm was rented from the Cornells by Robert McCowan ca 1845-1855. (RB 45; TR; AS)
1808 Alex McDonnell sells some of his land holdings to the squatters -- Lot 16 Conc. C to Levi Annis in December and Lots 17 and 18 Conc. C to William Cornell in July 1809 (AID)
1812 British soldiers staying in Levi Annis' house allegedly bury their money in Gates Gully (DB 41)
1812 David Annis carried despatches from Farewell's tavern to Lynde's tavern (AL 1)
1814 Jonathon Ashbridge "carting the boxes containing the records and documents of the Surveyor General's Office from the Town of York into the Country" (ie to a safe place away from the Americans) (RG1)
1815 Jonathon Gates settles on Lots 19 and 20, Concession C and later builds an Inn (DB 54; RB 60, 68, 268) near Stop 22, Kingston Road (TR 27)
1815-7 Kingston Road's second alignment, generally to the north of the first. The contract for improvements went to Joseph Secor. (DB 51, 115; RB 45, 265)
1820c William Cornell sets up an early Scarborough industry, a potash works near Bellamy Road, where the ashes of the huge white pine were made into soap. Bricks were made on Cornell's farm, Lot 18 Conc. C, about this time. Henry Auburn had a tannery on Lot 29 Conc. B near Kingston Road. (DB 133)
1824 Robert Stobo arrives in Scarborough. Apparently the first from Lanarkshire, he shortly afterward purchased about 600 acres in Lots 21 to 23, Concessions B and C. Prominent in the timber business, Stobo was a friend of William Proudfoot, President of the Bank of Upper Canada. (NC 11/2/4, 12/1/58)
1826 Upper Canada's system of free land grants is ended. Practically all of Scarborough is taken up in one way or another (but not necessarily occupied) by this time. (RB 60)
1826 John Thom arrives from Ayrshire and purchases lot 23 Conc. C from Thomas Fleming.
1829 John Torrance, Scottish land surveyor, arrives and encourages others in Lanarkshire to emigrate to Scarborough. A large Scarborough landowner and Reeve for a time, his homestead was at McCowan and Eglinton. (NC 11/2/4; NC 12/1/3)
1829 Arrival of Scarborough's first doctor, Robert Douglas Hamilton. He lived for a time with his brother-in-law, John Torrance. (DB 206,8; RB 119)
1830 Stephen Washington, a Methodist lay preacher and founder of Washington Church, settles on Lot 22 Conc. C. Having sold his land in England, he almost immediately purchased the northwest 82 acres (east side of McCowan Road) from Robert Stobo in 1830. (AA 49, 28; DB 57, 165)
1831 Stephen Pherrill allegedly builds the first brick house in Scarborough on Lot 24, Conc. B. (TR)
1831 John Dewar is teaching 23 pupils in what is probably a log building on Lot 18, Conc. C. (NC 4/4/6)
1832c Stephen Washington harvests 1700 bushels of potatoes from a field of less than four acres beside McCowan Road and sells them for $600 to the army through contract.
1832 Scarborough's pre-eminent military man, Lieut. Allan H. McLean, a veteran of the War of 1812 and the First Burmese War, purchases the south half of Lot 17 Con. D. He is Township Postmaster from 1838 to 1853. (DB 234, 225)
1832 Scarborough's first Post Office is established on Lot 19 Con. D in Scarborough Village, with Peter Secor as the postmaster. He was dismissed in 1838 for his sympathies with William Lyon MacKenzie. (RB 77; DB 224; NC Sept 77 p1)
1832 Eight year old Janet Rae watches curlers travel along Kingston Road with their besoms (brooms), marking the beginning of the long Scarborough association with Curling (RB 112)
1833 Ploughing match (possibly the first in Scarborough) held May 1 on the Robert Stobo farm on Kingston Road. Managers included The Hon. John Elmsley and W.B. Jarvis from York and local farmers Robert Stobo, John Torrance, Jonathon Gates and Mr. Cornell. Many of the earliest matches in the Township were held on farms along Kingston Road -- Cornell's, Muir's, Annis'. (DB 76; FF 22)
1833 James McCowan, a bankrupted Lanarkshire coalmaster and farmer, his wife Margaret Porteous, and their 8 children settle on the rather isolated 35 acre "flats" at the bottom of Meadowcliff Drive by the bluffs (Lot 20, Con. B, C). Their access to Kingston Road was along a half-mile track through Gates' Gully. James was an experienced contractor in Scotland. (NC 13/2/25)
1834 John Muir, schoolteacher, receives a tavern licence (July 3) for his "William Wallace Inn" near David Annis' house on lot 16. John was the father of Alex Muir, author of "The Maple Leaf Forever". Alex Muir and Jane McCowan were baptised together in Lesmahagow Parish Church, Lanarkshire in 1830. (DB 114; RB 103)
1834 Scarborough's second Doctor, David Graham (also from Lanarkshire) arrives and boards at Gates Inn. He helped himself to one of MacKenzie's rebel's horses and was thrown out of the Lawrie house where he was boarding in 1837. Mr. Lawrie was a reformer in politics. (DB 209)
1834 At their home, Springbank, at the edge of the Bluffs, James McCowan and his third son, David, both die of cholera during the night of August 28.
1835 George Auburn purchases 105 acres of Lot 28, Con. b
1835 James Whiteford McCowan, James Weir, James and John Gibson and four others defeat Toronto's curlers in the first of many annual bonspiels between Scarborough and Toronto. The branch of the Highland Creek just north of Eglinton near Danforth was a favourite spot for Scarborough's early curlers. (DB 243)
1835 Edward Cornell, a Poundkeeper, and William Pherrill, a Constable, were found not guilty of some charge of forcible entry by a Grand Jury
1837 Rebel leader William Lyon Mackenzie allegedly takes shelter from the Government forces in Levi Annis' house (AA. 45)
1837 Kingston Road straightened to its present alignment (more or less) and planked. (RB 268)
1837 Under Colonel A. MacLean, Scarborough's loyal farmers and tradesmen assemble at Gates Tavern and are the first township militia to arrive in Toronto to disperse the rebels under MacKenzie, Dec. 5 (AA 45, 47)
1838 Smuggling continues at the mouth of Gates Gully -- local folk not involved!
1838 First Washington Church built on the Levi Annis farm
1838 Captain James Gibson's Company of the Scarborough Militia is 50 strong and includes members of the McCowan, Burton, Neilson, Gibson, Crone, Washington, Thom and Bambridge families.
1838 William Annis drove stage coach on Kingston Road.
1839 Toll gates were set up on the Stobo farm (lot 21) and in front of Washington Church (1878 map)
1839 One month after her 15th birthday, fatherless Janet Rae marries William Purdie, 31, her neighbour (as tenants) on the Stobo farm (Dec. 10)
1840c Second school in the area, built near Gates tavern east of Bellamy Road (RB 95)
1841 Levi Annis sells 1 acre to Stephen Washington and others for £5 (for use as a cemetery for Washington Church)
1843 Wild beast show and circus at Gates Tavern (DB 222)
1843 Isaac Ashbridge, son of Jonathan, makes the Scarborough farm by the bluffs his permanent residence. (AB 106)
1844 Kingston Road farmers Stephen Washington, Robert McCowan, George Auburn, Allan McLean, John Stobo, Ed Cornell, Jonathan Gates, George Bambridge and Barbara Berwick are among the 71 founding members of the Scarborough Agricultural Society with William Crone as President. The first Scarborough Fair in 1844 was commemorated 150 years later in a musical / drama, A Scarboro Tale, by Like Magic Productions. (DB 65) (SHR 2/6/8)
1848 William Porteous McCowan, his mother and sister, Jean, leave the original McCowan settlement at the foot of the present Meadowcliff Dr. and move to Lot 13 Con. 4, original site of the McCowan Log House Museum.
1850 Kingston Road purchased from the Government by James Beatty. (DB 115; RB 271)
1851 Robert McCowan purchases approximately 50 acres of Lot 21 Con. D (adjacent to one of the John Torrance farms) from Kings College, but apparently does not take up residence there, prefering to "flip it" to Thomas Wilson two years later when he buys on Lot 22, Con. C.
1853 In April Robert McCowan buys 82 acres from William Crone, Lot 22 Con. C, but prefers to lease the land back to Thomas Crone for three years at £70 a year.
1856 First train on Grand Trunk Railroad through the McCowan farm
1856 After his house on Lot 18 Con. C burns down, Robert McCowan moves to his new 80 acre farm adjacent to McCowan Road (Lot 22 Con. C). He sells 1.6 acres to the Grand Trunk Railway Company of Canada for use as the Scarborough Station. (The station was moved here from Scarborough Village in about 1859 because of the heavy grade coming out of the village.) (DB 224)
1857c HalfWay House built at Midland Ave. on Kingston Road (now at Black Creek Pioneer Village)
1857 Intoxicated labourer James Maxwell was asleep on the rail crossing at Kingston Road and killed by the night train (July 15) (NC May/82 p 13)
1859 What seems to be an organized gang of "notoriously bad characters" rob Kingston Road merchants, farmers and travellers. (Sept. 1 and Dec 1) (NC 6/2/18)
1861 Population of Scarborough reaches about 4,800 as the rural Ontario farmer enjoys unsurpassed affluence and political influence. For almost the next half-century, emigration to southwestern Ontario, Manitoba and the western territories and the draw of the city result in a general rural population decline in the Township. (RB 161, 179; BM 212)
1863 Thomas Wilson disputes Land Surveyor Passmore's placement of the sideroad allowance between his farm (Lot 23 Con. C) and Robert McCowan's farm (Lot 22 Con. C)
1864 Death, probably in childbirth, of Jane Underwood, 34 year old mother of seven and wife of Robert McCowan (July 17).
1865 Insufficient toll revenue and loss of traffic to the Grand Trunk Railway force James Beatty to sell Kingston Road to York County. (RB 271)
1866 Sixteen year old James Archibald McCowan and his cousin, Corporal William McCowan, join Lieut. Robert H. Stobo and Captain W.H. Norris as the Scarborough Volunteer Rifle Company help defend Canada against the Fenians. (MC 46, PS 37, DB 235)
1869 "An old man, name unknown" with "quite a sum of money found in his pocket" commits suicide near the Scarboro Station of the Grand Trunk at the north end of the McCowan farm. (NC 7/4/15-17)
1870 Severe thunderstorm in late June -- barn roofs blown off, miles of fences demolished, 12 large apple trees in an orchard on Kingston Road were "completely blown to pieces". (NC Feb84 p19)
1873 People attacked on Kingston Rd by youths at Lot 21 Con. C between Bellamy and McCowan Roads (NC Sept/79, 16)
1876 Robert McCowan purchases the south 125 acres of Lot 20, concessions B and C including the original McCowan settlement site of 1833.
1878 Blacksmith, waggon and ploughmaker George Bambridge sells his shop and 3/4 acre on the south side of Kingston Road at Bellamy to Robert McCowan. The property was perhaps purchased for the benefit of the eldest son, James A. McCowan, who was apparently more interested in mechanics than agriculture.
1881 A Kingston Road Stage Association was formed, Charles Ley playing an energetic role. (NC Nov/81 p. 15)
1883 James Archibald McCowan, railway engine driver, loses his wife, Isabella Bowes, and moves to Portage La Prairie, Manitoba, to join four McCowan cousins and many other Scarborough folk.
1885 Isaac Stobo and Robert Callendar shoot a black bear, possibly the last shot in Scarborough. (Lot 21 Con. B on the cliffs.) (DB 238) There was a bearskin in the McCowan barn for a time.
1886 Improvements in agricultural implements march along. At Arch Muir's very successful sale, "implements went at a reasonable price but self raking reapers are undoubtedly at a discount in the age of binder." (NC 10/3/16)
1890c Subdivision laid out for the proposed Bellamy Community at Eglinton and Bellamy north of the tracks. This community was apparently to be on the Edward Bellamy model, which itself, no doubt, followed the socialist principles of Robert Owen. There were many such "Owenite" communities around the world. Scarborough's Bellamy community was squelched by the local ratepayers in 1900. (RB 184)
1891 Land development fever persists as Robert McCowan, Billie McCowan, John Mason and Alex Muir arrange for surveys for Plans 1097, 1100, 1104 and 1098 respectively (for parts of Lots 20, 21 and 22 Concessions B and C).
1892 Alex McCowan and other Scarborough dairy farmers conceive and establish the milk marketing movement in Ontario. Their Scarborough association was the first such group in the Province. 
1893-5 The general economic optimism of 1890-92 was followed by a depression --  development of Plans 1100, 1104 and 1098 would have to wait a half-century. Perhaps the most notable local victim of this depression of 1893-5 was Donald G. Stephenson, one-time Reeve of Scarborough, Warden of York County and friend of Robert McCowan. (PS 21-22)
1895c A former doctor who is now an itinerant wanderer, sometimes sleeping in the McCowan barn, miraculously cures Ruth McCowan's rheumatic fever with an undisclosed potion. (MC 25)
1896 North Toronto Farmers have a party to celebrate the abolition of the toll gates (PS 34, 36; NC Feb/82 p. 16, 17, 18; RB 271). The tollgate on lot 17 on Kingston Road was sold the next year for $17.50
1896 Jonathan Ashbridge uncovers the remains of five Mississauga Indians on Lot 26 Conc. B very near the edge of the Bluffs. (OAR 1896-7, p. 46-7)
1901 Toronto Railway Company extends the electric radial line to the Half-Way house at Midland. (RB 276)
1902 Trooper Robert James Stobo died in South Africa while serving in the Boer War. (Feb. 3) (SHR 2/1/2)
1902 Scarborough Heights farmers dominate the Reeve's chair at Scarborough Council for the next quarter century -- Andrew Young 1902-7, William D. Annis 1908-12, James G. Cornell 1913-9, Robert McCowan 1923-5. ("Reeve" was rather equivalent to "Mayor"). Robert McCowan would never sign a cheque unless he knew every precise detail.
1905 Alex McCowan first elected to represent the East Riding of York at the Provincial Legislature (including Scarborough).
1905 Radial street-car line extended to West Hill by the Toronto and York Radial Company. (RB 181, 276)
1906c Scarborough Heights Park established by the Toronto and York Radial Company for their customers on the south part of the Stobo farm. (NC 11/2/10; RB 276)
1908 "Plebiscite taken on the statute labour system resulted in a vote largely in favour of doing the roadwork by statute labour." This was a major election issue as W.D. Annis defeated A. Young for Reeve. (JTS)
1910c City gentlemen, including Mr. A.E. Rea, owner of a ladieswear factory on Spadina, are purchasing "hobby farms" and building pretentious country homes along the lakefront. Mr. Rea reactivated Billie McCowan's Plan 1100 in cooperation with J.W. McNab and Cecil White -- their plans, too, are decades premature. (NC 11/2/8) (NC 13/2/22,31)
1911 Ashbridge homestead is sold, the buyers hopeful to develop it eventually. (AB 110)
1913 Opening of the new Scarborough Village Public School, "School Section Number Nine" or "SS9". (ST 9)
1913 On the south side of Kingston Road at Brimley, St. Augustine's Seminary is dedicated to the training of English-speaking clergy (August 28). (RB 201)
1914 A "regular colony of gypsies", including 30 children, park their ten covered wagons and pitch eight tents at the north end of the McCowan farm. (MC 27)
1915 Wreck of the Alexandria, August 3, off the foot of Markham Road.
1917 On land purchased from Robert McCowan, St. Joseph's-On-The-Lake is built to serve as a school and as a hospital for sisters.
1919 Four thousand Scarborough residents gather in Scarborough Heights Park to honour the returned war heroes, August 1.
1919 Annual Meeting of Scarborough Independent Telephone Company; proposal by Bell Company to buy the Scarborough Company defeated by 50 to 6; 501 phones on the system.
1920c Elizabeth Caroline Bell dies when the auto truck in which she was riding "ran straight into the street car in charge of Motorman William [Billie] McCowan".
1920c Stan Chester builds a general store on his parents' Kingston Road property which had been severed from the McCowan farm.
1921 Investment firm of McLeod, Young, Weir is co-founded by one of Scarborough's great business success stories, William Ewart Young, born in 1886 on Lot 22 Con. C. (SHR 2/2/8)
1922 Laying of the corner stone for Scarborough High School (later renamed R.H. King) June 29.
1923 Robert Ashbridge McCowan inducted as an elder of St. Andrew's Presbyterian Church (SA 11)
1925 Scarboro Foreign Mission Society  is   moved to Kingston Road at Brimley. It had been founded in Almonte by Fr. John M. Fraser in 1918.
1925 Pat, Tom and Vic Burd open Paradise Pavilion dance hall at the foot of Scarborough Crescent near the bluffs' edge (NC 11/2/10)
1925 Reeve Robert McCowan lays the cornerstone of Scarborough's first firehall.
1925c Cecil White, land developer, pays for the construction of water main to his land on the west side of McCowan Road (the former Neilson farm). (NC 13/2/31)
1926c Refering particularly to the Scarborough Bluffs, Professor A.P. Coleman wrote to the effect "the history of the last million years has been more completely recorded in the deposits in the neighbourhood of Toronto than anywhere else in Canada or perhaps the world". (DJ)
1929 Toronto Transit Commission closes Scarborough Heights Park -- the pavilion is moved across the McCowan fields to St. Joseph's convent. (NC 11/2/10)
1930c A Jewish cemetery is established toward the north end of the McCowan farm.
1931 Robert McCowan initiates the McCowan Prize for Math and Physics at Scarborough High School. Continued by his family following his death.
1931 Death of former Reeve Robert McCowan on Jan. 16. His two sons, Ashley and Harold, carry on the farm -- they were among the first in Scarborough to use artificial fertilizer.
1932c Stan Chester rents out his big brick house and sleeps in a tent to save money during the depression.
1932c "Hardly a week would go by that we didn't have a 'tramp', as they were called, at the door for food. Mom always fed them. Sometimes they would sleep in the barn -- after handing over their matches and smokes. Dad would return them in the morning." (Helen Annis McCowan)
1933 Mike O'Brien, an unemployed sailor, builds a log cabin in the McCowan bush -- and stays almost seven years.
1936 The end of an era in public transit through Scarborough as the Radial line is removed from Kingston Road. The auto becomes king in the realm of travel as Kingston Road is widened to 4 lanes. Cuts were made to reduce some hills. (RB 277; KR)
1940 Local lads begin to join the services including Bob, Jack, Walter and Bill McCowan.
1946c The dormant subdivision on the west side of McCowan Road is taken over by the federal government and, finally, developed and sold under the Veteran's Land Act. (Known as the Gordonvale Subdivision at this time.)
1949 Plans are filed by Harold and Ashley McCowan for the development of their farm on the east side of McCowan Road between Kingston and Eglinton. They are among the Township's last "farmer-developers" as the professional real estate developer begins to dominate land-use change.
1950c Scarborough Heights Boulevard is named, thus commemorating the highest point on the Bluffs and the site of the old geodetic survey tower.
1950c Local ratepayers refuse to accept a "drive-in theatre" on the McCowan farm
1951 H.A. Halbert Public School officially opened (June 19)
1954 Cliffcrest United Church dedicated (May 1) (SHR 2/2/5)
1954 Hurricane Hazel
1954 Robert Purdie McCowan inducted as an elder of St. Andrew's Presbyterian Church
1956c McCowan's Sideroad officially named "McCowan Road" by Scarborough Council
1961c Johnny Johnson's drive-in restaurant built between the farmhouses of W. McCowan and R.A. McCowan. One of Tim Horton’s original drive-ins took over the building a few years later. Tim came into the W. McCowan home one day to apologize for the litter situation.
1962 Half-Way House moved from Midland Ave. to Black Creek Pioneer Village
1967 Bill McCowan enters numerous "floats" in the H.A. Halbert Public School Centennial Parade -- buggy, 19th century wagon, 1939 Ford tractor, 4-seater bicycle and 1937 Dodge.
1970 William McCowan family moves from the Harold McCowan farmhouse at 3100 Kingston Road to Pickering Township. Jim McCowan's Remarc vending machine business becomes sole tenant of the 3 storey farmhouse.
1975 Jennie McCowan is made an Honourary President of the Scarborough Historical Society.  The huge farmhouse in which she raised five children is demolished.
1976 Proposals to turn the original part of R.H. King, including the auditorium, into a community and cultural centre are apparently ignored and the educational landmark is demolished, save the entrance arch.
1979 Engineering study proposes works to mitigate erosion in "Gates Gully", now more commonly known as the "Bellamy Ravine".
1983 Demolition of Robert McCowan House Kingston Road at McCowan Road beside Cliffcrest Church.
1985 Robert McCowan Memorial Scholarship at R.H. King High School is reinstituted by some of his descendants, following a short hiatus.
1987 Doris McCarthy, long-time area resident, named to the Order of Canada
1990 Inauguration of R.H. King Academy, May 8
1992 The Royal Commission on the Future of the Toronto Waterfront recommended in their report, Regeneration -- "...encourage continued development of a waterfront trail, including a two-tiered trail in Scarborough... one route above the bluffs and one at their base..."
1993 Bea McCowan conducts a survey in the subdivisions of the old McCowan farm regarding another mural for a Kingston Road building. Out of 50 responses, 54% preferred an Indian village; 32% a ploughing match; 12% a curling match; and 2% layman Stephen Washington preaching to fellow Methodists.
1994 Launch of the "Kingston Road Study" by Scarborough Council covering the stretch from Brimley to Livingston. (SHR 2/3/1)
1994 Scarborough's Tremendous Tree Hunt. Bea McCowan nominated the several apple trees that remain of the mid-late nineteenth century orchard of Isaac Ashbridge beside the bluffs on Lot 26 Con B. (SHR 2/6/3)
1996 City of Scarborough BiCentennial celebrations including "Scottish Heritage Days in the City of Scarborough", July 5-7. Like Magic Productions presented With I Hope a New Face -- The Story of a Newcomer to a New Land. This was the true story of the tragic life and entrepreneurial ideals of James McCowan who settled at the edge of the Scarborough Bluffs in 1833. (CC 4/2/2)
1998 The City of Scarborough no longer exists as a municipal entity as it has just been amalgamated into Toronto.
1999 Doris McCarthy donates her property to the Ontario Heritage Foundation for future use as an art studio.
1999 Demolition of the 1913 Scarborough Village Public School.
2000 Creation of the Doris McCarthy Trail down Gates Gully
2001 Publication of Neigh the Front -- Exploring Scarboro Heights
2001 Publication of "A Glimpse of Toronto's History -- Opportunities for the Commemoration of Lost Historic Sites"  (including several Scarborough submissions by the McCowan Society)
2002 The McCowan Society exhibits the earliest evidence of human occupation in Toronto at the Exhibition, "10,000 Years of Toronto History" at the Toronto Reference Library.
2002 Scarborough's first firehall, on Birchmount Road, is one step closer to becoming a museum -- a recommendation went to Toronto's Administrative Committee.
2003 BBC-Radio Scotland interviews descendants of Scarborough pioneer families for their three-part radio series "The Lowland Clearances". Publication of their follow-up book, with sub-title "Scotland's Silent Revolution", puts Scarborough's historical development clearly on the world stage.

Please also refer to Sites of Interest.